20 recommended experiences on Ishigaki Island!

Hello everyone! This time, I would like to share with you some of the recommended activities that you can experience in Ishigaki Island.

Please refer to this article for a variety of activities that can be enjoyed both indoors and outdoors.

 

Introducing recommended experiences in Ishigaki Island! From indoor activities to outdoor activities!

1.SUP

SUP stands for Stand Up Paddle, also known as sap or paddleboard.

As the name suggests, it is a marine sport that is rapidly gaining popularity around the world, where people stand on surfboards and use paddles to paddle on the ocean or rivers.

SUP originated in Hawaii, where celebrities from around the world were seen doing the activity on social networking sites and in the media, and it has become very popular, especially among young women, as a fashionable activity.

SUP can also be used for long-distance travel by paddling, so you can enjoy SUP in a variety of ways, including SUP fishing, SUP yoga, as well as SUP cruising.

Compared to surfing, SUP has a thicker and larger board, making it more stable and easier for beginners to stand on the board.

When riding SUP for the first time, you can get used to it by taking small steps, first sitting, then kneeling after getting used to it, then standing after getting used to it, and so on.

After five minutes of practice, you will be accustomed to it and you will be able to achieve a speed beyond your imagination.

Of course, this activity can be enjoyed by a wide range of people, from young children to the elderly.

SUP offers several activities.

For example, mangrove sap, where you can spend a relaxing time in the breeze while looking at mangrove trees, flora and fauna, and beach SUP, where you can see the clear Ishigaki Island sea and one of the largest coral reefs in Japan from the SUP board.

There is SUP yoga, in which yoga is practiced on a SUP board, which is rapidly gaining enthusiasts, especially in Hawaii and on the West Coast of the United States.

The SUP activity and the spectacular view will be an unforgettable Ishigaki Island experience for a lifetime.

 

2. canoe

Canoeing is a classic activity that even beginners can easily enjoy in Ishigaki Island.

In addition to the ocean, Ishigaki Island is one of the few precious spots in Japan where you can experience kayaking not only in the crystal clear ocean but also in the numerous mangrove rivers in the subtropical jungle such as mangrove forests.

Activities are abundant, and sea kayaking tours that allow visitors to enjoy kayaking at sea, such as at the Blue Cave, are popular.

Sea kayaking in the clear waters allows you to enjoy the tour while observing colorful coral reefs and tropical fish from the kayak.

Mangrove canoe tour by canoe through the mangrove rivers of Ishigaki Island.

Canoeing in the mangrove river of Miyara River, designated as a national natural monument, and the Fuki-togawa River Canoe Tour, where you can enjoy canoeing & trekking, is one of the most popular tours in Ishigaki Island.

Kayaking tours in Ishigaki Island allow you to enjoy kayaking in a variety of locations, but even in the same field, the scenery and atmosphere you can see will change just by changing the time of day, such as early morning sunrise or evening sunset.

First time kayakers in Ishigaki Island may be worried about whether they can paddle a kayak properly, but the kayaks used for the kayak tours are very sturdy and stable.

There are very few capsizes or water falls while cruising.

The rivers visited on mangrove tours are shallow and have a gentle current. Sea kayak tours held in the ocean are also fine because they are less affected by waves, making it easier to paddle a kayak even if you are not strong.

Therefore, even beginners can enjoy it with ease.

In addition, small children can ride with a parent or instructor in a two-person canoe.

In addition to kayaks, life jackets, reef boots, and all other equipment necessary for kayaking can be rented free of charge, and experienced guides will provide support during the canoe tour.

 

3. Night Tour

In the night tour of Ishigaki Island, you can go into the wilderness and experience the subtropical flora and fauna and the atmosphere of nature that you cannot experience during the daytime.

Some night tours have plans that can be booked until the evening of the day, so if you are not sure what to do at night, why not join a night tour?

The night tours take place in the pitch dark after dark, allowing visitors to see the nighttime jungle atmosphere, nocturnal flora and fauna, and the sky full of stars and shooting stars.

With little or no artificial light, night tours are often a thrilling and exciting five-sense experience, and by focusing your attention on other senses, such as smell and hearing, which are deprived of the scenery during the day, you will have a more realistic experience unique to the remote islands.

There are a number of activities available here as well, and it is a good idea to participate according to what you would like to experience.

First, on the subtropical jungle night tour, where you will explore the subtropical jungle at night, you will hear things you are not usually aware of, such as the swaying of trees and the sounds of creatures at night.

Look for many large nocturnal animals unique to the subtropical zone and creatures that can only be seen here.

In addition, the stargazing tour allows you to enjoy the night view that is hard to see in the city on Ishigaki Island, the first island in Japan to be recognized as a "starry sky protected area.

The clear atmosphere makes it possible to see the Milky Way, shooting stars, and even the light of satellites.

It is a natural planetarium experience. Enjoy the illumination created by Mother Nature with your family, couples, and friends.

 

4. Yaeyama Remote Islands Tour

The remote islands of Yaeyama from Ishigaki IslandEfficient SightseeingFor those who want to do so, a tour around the islands is recommended.

This tour allows you to fully enjoy the charms of Yaeyama's remote islands such as Iriomote Island, where 90% of the island is covered by jungle, Taketomi Island, where traditional townscapes remain, and Yubu Island, which is reached by a buffalo crossing the sea from Iriomote Island.

Unlike marine activities,Basically, it never gets wet.Therefore, it is also recommended for those who do not like the sea.

Click here for popular island tours

Check out more Yaeyama Remote Islands Tour Plans from Ishigaki Island!

 

5. Starry sky photo tour

Many people think of Ishigaki Island with its beautiful ocean, tourist attractions, and abundant nature.

The "starry sky" is no less beautiful, and some constellations can only be seen in Okinawa in Japan.

In March 2018, Iriomote Ishigaki National Park in the Yaeyama Islands, Okinawa, was recognized by the International Dark Sky Association as Japan's first "starry sky protected area," the second in all of Asia.

The International Dark Sky Association is the world's largest organization dedicated to the protection and preservation of the night sky since 2001.

The area around Ishigaki Island is said to have a "miraculous starry sky," and is the only place in Japan where the Southern Cross can be seen, as well as 84 of the 88 constellations that can be observed in the world today.

Weather and location are the key to enjoyable stargazing.

It may be obvious, but on days when there are a lot of clouds, we cannot see much of the starry sky.

This is all up to the weather, so when you visit Okinawa, pray that there are not too many clouds. Especially in winter, the air is clearer than any other season, so you can see more beautiful starry skies. Darkness is also important to see the starry sky clearly. It is recommended to observe in a dark or wide-open place as much as possible, because you will not be able to see the stars clearly in urban areas or in brightly lit places with many buildings. However, be aware that you may encounter hubs if you go into bushes or grassy areas without due care. Check the safe place to observe in advance and avoid dangerous places. As soon as you arrive at the observing location, turn off the lights and enjoy the starry sky. After a few minutes, your eyes will become accustomed to the darkness and you will be able to view the starry sky more beautifully. Of course, be mindful of your manners if there are other people around. Do not shine your light on them, do not make noise, and enjoy the starry sky.

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6. snorkeling

Ishigaki Island is said to be one of the top three snorkeling spots in the world in terms of the quality of coral reefs, the clarity of the ocean, and the abundance of colorful tropical fish. If you are going to travel to Ishigaki Island, don't just relax on the beach, try snorkeling and enjoy the beautiful underwater scenery beyond your imagination with your whole body. If you experience snorkeling in the ocean of Ishigaki Island, your mind and body will be refreshed. Of course, your memories and bonding with the people you travel with will become even deeper, so please try Ishigaki Island snorkeling tour to experience this excitement and the wonder of nature.

In Ishigaki Island, there are many unexplored beaches and small coral areas that have not yet been developed except for the beautiful and pristine ocean. The Blue Cave is a recommended snorkeling spot for beginners because you can enjoy snorkeling while watching tropical fish and coral. Manta rays are especially famous for snorkeling in Ishigaki Island, and the sea around Ishigaki Island is the only place in Japan where you can see all three species of sea turtles found in Japan. It is said that sea turtles are only found in clean waters, so it is amazing that three species inhabit the island.

It is also recommended to look for snorkeling points based on the creatures that can be seen in each area, such as manta rays, bears, and several species of sea turtles designated as endangered species, as well as the atmosphere of the coral reefs. It is good to enjoy snorkeling in various situations because the underwater life differs depending on the time of the year. Also, tropical fish living around Ishigaki Island do not run away even if you swim very close to them, so you can enjoy snorkeling with tropical fish and sea turtles right in front of you.

Snorkeling can be enjoyed year-round on Ishigaki Island, and needless to say, the best season for snorkeling is the everlasting summer season when the sun is shining.
Spring and early summer is the fish spawning season, so schools of small tropical fish can be seen. Even in winter, the sea water temperature is about 20 degrees Celsius, which is enough to swim in if you wear a wetsuit. Also, the season from fall to winter is recommended for those who want to take their time snorkeling since there are fewer tour participants and the clarity of the ocean is at its highest. Also, there are snorkeling spots all around Ishigaki Island, so even when it is windy and there are waves, you can enjoy snorkeling at calm snorkeling spots by boat, so you can enjoy snorkeling regardless of the weather.

Snorkeling is an activity that involves swimming in relatively shallow water compared to diving, and since you can swim with only a three-piece snorkel set, even small children and those who are not confident swimmers can enjoy the Ishigaki Island ocean with ease. Even if it is your first time to experience snorkeling, the guide will carefully teach you how to use the mask and fins in advance, so you can easily swim with your face in the water the whole time, although you may not get used to it at first because the mask is to breathe only with your mouth. The tour is led by an experienced instructor who lives in Ishigaki Island, so even small children and elderly people can enjoy snorkeling safely. From the Blue Cave snorkeling that is recommended for beginners to snorkeling around the "Phantom Island" Hamashima by snorkeling boat, you can enjoy snorkeling according to your physical strength.

7. Experience Diving

Experience Diving is a diving tour for beginners who can enjoy diving without a diving license. Of course, one instructor is assigned to each two participants to provide support, so even first time divers can participate without worries. There are many people whose first diving experience is in Ishigaki Island, so instructors are familiar with supporting first-timers. If you have any concerns, please consult with the instructor, and they will help you carefully. Also, before diving, you will be given a simple lecture on how to breathe, how to remove your ears, and how to swim, so you can rest assured.

Ishigaki Island has been ranked No. 1 in "the best diving spots to go" by a diving magazine for more than 20 years. The sea around Ishigaki Island is one of the best in Japan and the world in terms of the variety and size of fish, quality of coral reefs, and transparency of the sea, among other indicators. Its attraction is not only the beauty of the sea, but also the variety of diving activities such as swimming with endangered sea turtles and more than 100 kinds of tropical fish, enjoying the topography, and so on.

The attraction of diving in Ishigaki Island is the colorful and beautiful coral reefs. Nearly 1,300 types of corals have been discovered around the world. About 400 of them can be seen in Japan, but in the Yaeyama Islands including Ishigaki Island, nearly 80% of them can be seen. The area around Hama Island, called the Phantom Island, which is now the most popular place for experience diving, is located about 30 minutes by boat from Ishigaki Island. The phantom island appears only for a limited time during the day, and the surrounding area is especially popular among tourists who come here on a sightseeing trip because of the colorful coral and variety of tropical fish. Ishigaki Island has well-developed coral reefs and a rich variety of creatures, especially in the northern part of the island, where you can enjoy tropical fish and manta rays in the attractive waters. The most popular diving spots are Ibaruma Reef, Yonehara area, Manta Scramble, and Osaki area, where both beginners and experienced divers can enjoy fish watching.

Colorful fish greet you at the calm dive sites with shallow coral reefs and bright underwater. There is also a very popular diving spot off the coast of Kabira Bay where you can watch schools of manta rays. Because the Osaki area is a bay, it is not easily affected by the wind, making it an enjoyable spot even for first-time divers. The depth of the water is not too deep, so you can swim with coral and even sea turtles. For experience diving that does not require a license, you are allowed to swim only up to 10 meters deep, and the basic rule is to enjoy diving safely where there is little ocean current. Even though the ocean of Ishigaki Island is shallow, you can enjoy colorful corals and tropical fishes, so you will be fully satisfied. All you need to bring is a bathing suit, a change of clothes, and a bath towel. All the necessary equipment for diving is basically included in the tour fee, and equipment can be rented, so you can participate even if you have nothing to prepare. Experience diving is very popular in Ishigaki Island because it is easy and you can participate as soon as you feel like it. Once you experience diving in Ishigaki Island for the first time, you will not be satisfied even if you dive in other ocean because of its beauty.

Click here for a list of diving tours

8. Fun Diving

We explained the experience diving above, but here we offer not only experience diving for beginners, but also fun diving for experienced divers. Fun diving in Ishigaki Island has been loved by professional divers not only in Japan but also all over the world. It has been ranked as the best diving spot in Japan for nearly 20 years by a professional magazine, and some of our customers have been coming to Ishigaki Island every year for more than 10 years. With various diving spots, you can enjoy the sea of Ishigaki Island no matter how many times you come. Fun diving in Ishigaki Island is also recommended for those who "got a diving license when I was in college but haven't gone diving recently...". There are many people who have once lost their passion for diving, but after diving in Ishigaki Island for the first time in a while, they are coming back every year. Of course, there are license acquisition plans (open water and advanced), so please enjoy diving in Ishigaki Island.

9. Glass Experience

You can experience making your own Ryukyu glass, which can only be experienced here. You can make your own one-of-a-kind Ryukyu glass using the traditional air-blown method. Ryukyu glass is made from recycled Awamori bottles and other discarded Ryukyu glass bottles, and glasses are made using the same process as Ryukyu glass that was made in Okinawa in the past. There are several types of glass that can be made, and there are many plans that allow you to make your own Ryukyu glass, dragonfly beads, glass seasaur, etc., according to your preference. This is a memorable experience for families and couples.

10. Sanshin Experience

Every music lover would like to try playing the sanshin at least once. The sanshin experience is an easy way to make such a dream come true. Of course, beginners can also try it easily and learn the difference between classical and folk music, the name of each part of the sanshin, and the correct way to hold it. The sanshin score is written in numbers and Chinese characters, and although it is typical of the classical style to play the sanshin faithfully, beginners can start by experiencing the scale of "Do-re-mi...". Beginners can start by experiencing the scale of "Do, Re, Mi,..." by holding the positions marked with stickers with the left hand and practicing "Kira Kira Hoshi (Twinkle Twinkle Star)". With a good teacher, more than 70% of beginners will be able to play the sanshin without looking at their hands within an hour or so. The sound of the sanshin you play by yourself is different from the sound you hear by ear, and it is very comfortable as if it resonates through your whole body.

11. fishing

The sea around Ishigaki Island, the center of the Yaeyama Islands, is a great fishing spot blessed with a mild climate unique to the subtropical zone. The abundance of small fish and plankton for bait makes it one of the best fishing spots in Japan in terms of the variety and size of fish. Unlike other fishing spots in Honshu, it takes only a few dozen minutes by boat to go out to the open sea, so even first-timers can sometimes catch a big fish over 50 cm in length. In the Yaeyama Islands including Ishigaki Island, it is said that there are nearly 100 kinds of fish that can only be caught here. Among them, the most commonly caught species are grouper such as red grouper, red snapper, white snapper, and snappers, as well as leatherfish.
Although not often, it is possible to catch "akamachi" and "magubu (red dolphin)," which are said to be the three most expensive fish in Okinawa. Even if you do not know the names of the fish, you can enjoy just looking at the brightly colored fish that can be caught, as is typical of Okinawa.

There is also a golden fish called bearded himeji that is caught only a few times a year, so it might be a good idea to ask the captain what kind of fish it is after you catch it to learn more about it.
It is not uncommon to even catch fish that even the captain has never seen before. On fishing tours, you can rent all the necessary tools and equipment for fishing free of charge, so you can participate in the tour without bringing anything. Beginners and families can easily join a fishing tour on the day of the tour. In addition, the guide will help you with everything from putting bait on the hook to how to fish, so anyone can enjoy it, from small children to the elderly. The guide will take you to the most stable fishing points such as western Ishigaki Island, Taketomi Island, Kohama Island, Kuroshima Island, etc., where the sea conditions are the most stable and easy to fish.

You may catch fish from 50 centimeters to over 1 meter in depth, such as Ichibiki, Kampachi, Tunburi, and Isomuna. Fishing tours in Ishigaki Island also allow you to have the fish you catch cooked and eaten at an izakaya (Japanese style pub). The taste of fish caught by yourself is exceptional, and you can enjoy the colorful fish caught on the fishing tour in various ways such as sashimi, marinated, stewed, tempura, grilled, and boiled.

12. Blue Cave Tour

Have you ever heard of a spectacular spot called "Blue Cave" in Ishigaki Island? There are several places called "Blue Cave" in Japan, including the famous Capri Island (Italy), but there is actually a "Blue Cave" in Ishigaki Island. As the name suggests, the Blue Cave is a mysterious spot where the inside of the cave glows blue. You can enjoy the cobalt blue sea created by the angle, the light reflecting off the surface of the sea, and the shape of the cave. This spectacle is a miraculous sight created by nature. This spectacular view is just like Bolivia's Salar de Uyuni, and is sure to be a hit on social networking sites. It is a must-see spot because the reflection on the surface of the sea is so clear that it is easy to mistake which is the real thing.

The Blue Cave in Ishigaki Island offers a completely different spectacular view depending on the tide level. There are various activities such as snorkeling, SUP, canoeing, etc., and you can enjoy not only seeing the cave but also various ways to enjoy it. Of course, small children and those who are not good at swimming can go to the Blue Cave at low tide and enjoy cave exploration and snorkeling in the shallow water. The Blue Cave in Ishigaki Island can be enjoyed all year round, but the recommended time is from spring to early summer. In Ishigaki Island, the wind blows from the north in winter time and from the south in midsummer. On the other hand, from spring to early summer, there is almost no wind and the waves are calm. Therefore, it is highly recommended to enjoy the "Salar de Uyuni" where the surface of the blue cave reflects like a mirror, so please enjoy this spectacular view if the timing is right.

13. Tour of the Phantom Island "Hamashima

Hamashima, a phantom island where many people can only land at limited times, can be visited in 30 minutes by boat. The beautiful and photogenic scenery spreads out before your eyes,
The island is surrounded by unobstructed white sand beaches and blue ocean, and the scenery changes with the passage of time. The white island and the cobalt blue sea around the beach that suddenly appears in the distance are a perfect contrast to the color of the sky. The spectacular scenery around Hamashima has often been used for filming dramas and commercials, and some people even come here to take wedding photos. Even if you have been to Okinawa many times, the Phantom Island is considered to be a different kind of spectacular spot for this too beautiful scenery, so you should definitely see it if you come to Ishigaki Island on a sightseeing trip with your loved ones, such as couples, family, or friends. Cameras and smart phones are a must when visiting the Island of Illusions. During the tour, you can have various pictures taken at the best position, so let's take a lot of pictures that will be your memories and souvenirs.

14. Shisa making

Shisa are often seen on rooftops and gateposts when walking around Okinawa. Shisa is a legendary creature and has long been popular in Okinawa as a guardian god. This activity allows you to make such a Shisa. This is a popular indoor activity regardless of the season or weather, and is recommended for those who want to try something different. If you make from scratch, you can take it home on the same day, and if you bake it, you can send it by mail 1 to 2 months later. How about it for a memento or souvenir? Of course, this is also a great experience for families and couples.

15. Marine Craft

This easy marine craft is made by pasting seashells collected in Ishigaki Island, and can be enjoyed even on rainy days. Let's make your original photo frame using already prepared materials or shells you collected in Ishigaki Island. Of course, even first-timers can proceed with instruction, but the process is very easy, just lay out the seashells in your favorite position and paste them. Some places even offer photo printing services, so even small children can enjoy making frames together. In addition, you can decorate a photo frame with coral inside, making it a unique keepsake that can only be made here. Take home a photo you took that day in an original photo frame as a memento or memory.

16. cruising

In Ishigaki Island, one of the Yaeyama Islands, a paradise of everlasting summer, you can enjoy the brilliant sun and sea breeze in summer and relax in moderate temperatures in winter with a cruise tour. You can feel the resort atmosphere of Okinawa as you cruise slowly through the calm sea and see the remote islands in the distance and the horizon. Enjoy the activity of cruising around Ishigaki Island with the emerald green sea, blue sky, and the horizon spreading all around. The main activity is to enjoy the nature such as sunset and starry sky slowly on the boat, so children as young as 0 years old to elderly people can participate in this activity. Some boats have sofas and restrooms on board, so it is a perfect activity for families. Also, cruises on board are recommended for anniversaries, such as birthdays, honeymoons, and anniversaries, because you can spend a special time just for two people on the ship. Nature, such as sunset and star night, creates the most romantic situation, so just being in that space is very romantic.
We invite you to spend a special time in a different atmosphere on your special day or memorable occasion.

17. Accessory making

In Ishigaki Island, you can experience accessory making at various places. You can make your original bracelet, necklace, and other accessories at the handmade accessory experience in Ishigaki Island. You can use a wide variety of natural stones and other parts unique to Ishigaki Island. You can freely combine them with your own taste, so it is recommended to make handmade accessories using firefly glass, Kabira no Shizuku, etc. with your family, couple, or friends. Also, even if it is raining, you can participate in activities indoors, and there are plenty of places to experience them, so you do not need to worry about where to go and come empty-handed. We invite you to make memories and souvenirs with your family, friends, and couples.

 

18. trekking

Ishigaki Island, located in the southernmost part of Japan as a tropical resort, is a precious spot in Japan where you can feel close to nature as a national park, yet there still remain untouched jungles. How about experiencing trekking in such a precious spot? Trekking in Ishigaki Island is a unique experience where you can see virgin forests unique to the subtropical zone, waterfalls created by nature, and encounter natural treasures, animals, and plants. Trekking to the photo spot on Yarabudake (屋良部岳), commonly known as Ishigaki Island's version of "Troll's Tongue", is also popular. Yarabudake is located in the westernmost part of Ishigaki Island, and it is named after a large rock with its upper part sticking out like a tongue, similar to Norway's "Troll's Tongue". The mountain is about 216 meters above sea level, but the starting point can be about 150 meters above sea level, so even first-timers can easily reach it. When you hear the word "trekking," you may imagine a strenuous tour with steep slopes, but that is not the case.

There are many trekking courses in Ishigaki Island, ranging from full-scale one-day trekking courses for advanced trekkers to courses recommended for first-time trekkers to enjoy the subtropical jungle without tiring. Of course, there are also family tours that are similar to hiking that can be enjoyed safely and securely by children and the elderly, so a variety of people can enjoy themselves.

19. yoga

Yoga (YOGA) is now popular not only in Japan but all over the world. Originally, yoga became popular as a health method for Hollywood celebrities. Of course, its popularity in Ishigaki Island has been increasing rapidly in the past few years. Speaking of Ishigaki Island's unique yoga, you can experience yoga in harmony with nature such as yoga on the white sand beach or yoga on the crystal clear ocean. It is now becoming a standard early morning and evening activity in Ishigaki Island. The purpose of yoga therapy is "to release from everyday pain and create a comfortable and stable state of mind and body. By practicing various yoga poses, the body's distortions are corrected, posture and flexibility are improved, and it is good for one's health. Yoga not only relaxes the body and mind, but also helps to lose weight. By slowly performing various poses while breathing deeply, which is unique to yoga, the inner muscles are naturally strengthened, promoting health and preventing the accumulation of fat. Ishigaki Island, a tropical resort island, is the best place to practice yoga, and you can feel the power of nature with its crystal clear ocean and white beaches, and experience yoga under the brilliant sun with the sound of rippling waves as background music, which is unique to Ishigaki Island.

In addition, the warm climate of Ishigaki Island allows the muscles to become more flexible from the early stages of yoga, allowing you to stretch your muscles more efficiently and without strain, and the hot and humid subtropical climate promotes sweating, which further enhances the benefits of yoga. Ishigaki Island has the best environment to enjoy yoga.
Come and enjoy yoga while working up a silky sweat on Ishigaki Island.

 

Iriomote Island Sightseeing Tour

Iriomote Island, where 90% of the island is covered with jungle, offers a variety of activities such as mountain climbing, limestone cave exploration, canoeing, and SUP.

The island is registered as a World Natural Heritage site and is highly recommended for those who want to fully enjoy and experience the great outdoors.

Such Iriomote Island can only be reached by ferry from Ishigaki Island.

The package includes "Ishigaki - Iriomote ferry ticket" and "Iriomote Island Activities".Cheap Tour (Set Plan)and enjoy Iriomote Island sightseeing easily!

Click here for popular Iriomote Island tours (set plan)

Check out more details about Iriomote Island tours from Ishigaki Island!

 

in the end

We introduced the Ishigaki Island experience. How was it? There were various experiences. Please take this opportunity to experience the activities of Ishigaki Island. Thank you for reading to the end.